Materials science is an interdisciplinary area involving the properties of matter and its applications to various areas of engineering and science. It includes elements of applied chemistry and physics, as well as mechanical, chemical, electrical, and civil engineering.
Biomaterials are the non-drug molecules which are considered to interact with the biological system either as a part of medical device or replace or repair to any damaged tissues or organs. Biomaterials can be derived either naturally or synthetically. Tissue engineering has the possible to achieve this by combining materials engineering and design with cell therapy. Biomaterials can give physical supports for powerful topographical, engineered tissues and chemical cues to guide cells. Biomaterials engineering involves synthesis, processing and characterisation of novel materials, including glasses, cements, polymers, proteins, hybrids and textile composites. Introducing nanoscale cues such as Nano topography or nanoparticles as therapeutic agents provide an exciting approach to moderate cell behaviour.
At the atomic level magnetism can be well-defined through the overlap of electron wave functions, when taking their spin interactions into account. On the nano meter length scale it becomes tougher to predict the behaviour of a magnetic system. When minimizing the size of the magnetic material the number of domains within the material will be reduced until only a single domain is obtained. By having single domains it is probable to produce strong permanent magnets. If the size is minimized beyond a certain boundary the sample converts as superparamagnetic and does no longer hold any ferromagnetism.
Nanofabrication is of attention to computer engineers because it opens the door to super-high-density memory chips and microprocessors. It has been recommended that each data bit could be stored in a single atom. Carrying this promote, a single atom might even be able to represent word of data or a byte. Nanofabrication has also gathered the attention of the military, the aerospace industry, and the medical industry.
Biomedical Engineering is one of the very important fields in engineering as it deals with interfacing the human body with electronic devices. Thus the performances of these biomedical devices need to meet the necessities. The traditional devices lack in certain features due to the accessibility of compound structures. With the new advances in Nanotechnology, a huge range of biomedical devices are in advance a boom in progress by overcoming the drawbacks of the conventional devices. The functions of Nanotechnology in Biomedical engineering has given growth to a drug delivery system that directly targets the affected cell, a nano capsule with camera that can be swallowed by patient for diagnosing ailments and more such applications that make the diagnosing and treatment much simpler and the complex structures accessible.
Polymer nanocomposites contains of a polymer or copolymer having Nano particles isolated in the polymer matrix. Polymer nanotechnology group will develop enabling methods for the patterning of functional surfaces. Nanotechnology has made important contributions to the formulation of sealants, adhesives, potting, coatings, and encapsulation compounds. Nanoparticle fillers such as bentonites, nano-sized silica particles and zeolites have lead to the growth of products with enhanced: thermal stability, tensile strength, thermal conductivity, transparency, chemical resistance.
Colloidal nanocrystals are prepared with control shape, composition, over size and are used as precursors to provide supported systems of interest in different areas of catalysis
NanoFluidics is the study of the behaviour, manipulation, control, of fluids that are restricted to structures of nano meter characteristic dimensions. Fluids confined in these structures exhibit physical behaviours not observed in wide structures, such as those of micrometres dimensions and above, because the distinguishing physical scaling lengths of the fluid, very closely coincide with the proportions of the nanostructure itself.
Nanostructures are used to create specific nanodevices for the handling of biological systems at the molecular level, and this is what currently describes nanomedicine. So far, the addition of nanoparticles with biology has led to the development of contrast agents, imaging approaches, diagnostic devices, drug delivery therapy and advanced therapy applications. Nanomedicine offers numerous advantages in everyday clinical practice, taking into consideration the nonâ€invasive approach of the samples used, fast reaction times, specificity, and sensitivity that nanoparticles can offer.
Nanorobotics is technology creating machines or robots at nearly to the scale of a nanometer (10-9). nanorobotics mentions to the still primarily theoretical nanotechnology engineering discipline of designing and construction of nanorobots. Nanorobots (nanoids or nanobots) are usually devices ranging in size from 0.1-10 micrometres and built of molecular or nanoscale components. No artificial non-biological nanorobots designed; they remain a hypothetical theory at this time. Additional meaning frequently used is a robot which permits precision interactions with nanoscale objects, or can manipulate with nanoscale resolution. Following this meaning even a large apparatus such as an atomic force microscope can be considered a nanorobotic instrument when configured to perform nanomanipulation. Macroscale robots or Microrobots which can transfer with nanoscale precision can also be considered nanorobots.
Nanotechnology is impacting the many product that integrate nanomaterials field unit already in a very type of items; several of which individuals don't even notice contain nanoparticles, products with recent functions starting from easy-to-clean to scratch-resistant. Samples of those clothing is more stain repellant, car bumpers are made lighter, cell phone screens are lighter weight, sun cream is more energy resistant,synthetic bones are stronger. Nanotechnology applications area unit presently being researched tested and in some cases already applied across the entire spectrum of food technology, packaging and food supplements, from agriculture to food processing.
Nanocarriers have been developed for efficient drug delivery and diagnostic tools. Nanocarrier enables an effective, targeted biomolecular interaction in order to lower side effects caused during the treatment. Here, we review the problems associated with the conventional drug development and its delivery system